{"id":7385,"date":"2025-02-25T12:45:04","date_gmt":"2025-02-25T12:45:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/?p=7385"},"modified":"2025-11-28T13:48:59","modified_gmt":"2025-11-28T13:48:59","slug":"svesinieks-un-absurds-kami-vienaldzibas-manifests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/svesinieks-un-absurds-kami-vienaldzibas-manifests\/","title":{"rendered":"Sve\u0161inieks un absurds: Kam\u012b vienaldz\u012bbas manifests"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201c\u0160odien nomira mamma. Vai varb\u016bt vakar \u2014 nezinu. Sa\u0146\u0113mu no nesp\u0113jnieku patversmes telegrammu: \u201cM\u0100TE NOMIRA. APBED\u012a\u0160ANA R\u012aT. J\u016aTAM L\u012aDZI.\u201d Tas nek\u0101 neizsaka. Varb\u016bt tas notika vakar.<\/em><\/p>\n

Veco \u013cau\u017eu pansion\u0101ts ir Marengo, k\u0101dus piecdesmit j\u016bd\u017eu no Al\u017e\u012bras. Ar autobusu, kas iziet pulksten divos, man vajadz\u0113tu tur nok\u013c\u016bt krietni pirms kr\u0113slas. Tad es var\u0113\u0161u tur p\u0101rnak\u0161\u0146ot, k\u0101 parasti pavadot nakti pie \u0137erme\u0146a, un r\u012bt vakar\u0101 b\u016bt atpaka\u013c \u0161eit. Esmu ar priek\u0161nieku sarun\u0101jis divu dienu atva\u013cin\u0101jumu; protams, \u0161\u0101dos apst\u0101k\u013cos vi\u0146\u0161 nevar\u0113ja atteikt. Tom\u0113r man \u0161\u0137ita, ka vi\u0146\u0161 izskat\u012bj\u0101s neapmierin\u0101ts, un es nevi\u013cus pateicu: \u201cAtvainojiet, kungs, bet t\u0101 jau nav mana vaina.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0113c tam man ien\u0101ca pr\u0101t\u0101, ka man to nevajadz\u0113ja teikt. Nebija pamata attaisnoties; vi\u0146am b\u016btu j\u0101pau\u017e l\u012bdzj\u016bt\u012bba un taml\u012bdz\u012bgi. Dro\u0161i vien vi\u0146\u0161 to izdar\u012bs par\u012bt, kad ieraudz\u012bs mani meln\u0101. Pa\u0161laik ir gandr\u012bz t\u0101, it k\u0101 M\u0101te v\u0113l paties\u012bb\u0101 neb\u016btu mirusi. B\u0113res man to liks aptvert, t\u0101s it k\u0101 uzliks tam ofici\u0101lu z\u012bmogu\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012b ir ievadda\u013ca no Alberta Kam\u012b rom\u0101na \u201cL\u2019\u00c9tranger\u201d jeb \u201cSve\u0161inieks\u201d, Alberta Kam\u012b 1942. gad\u0101 pirmoreiz public\u0113t\u0101 rom\u0101na-\u00adnoveles. Tas ir Kam\u012b debijas darbs eksistenci\u0101lism\u0101. \u0160is rom\u0101ns kalpo k\u0101 eksistenci\u0101lisma manifests, destil\u0113jot sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas filozofiskas t\u0113mas pla\u0161\u0101kai auditorijai.<\/p>\n

Kam\u0113r da\u017ei, iesp\u0113jams, ir las\u012bju\u0161i \u201cSve\u0161inieku\u201d un citi \u2014 ne, es s\u0101k\u0161u ar \u012bsu si\u017eeta kopsavilkumu, pirms piev\u0113r\u0161os detaliz\u0113t\u0101kai anal\u012bzei.<\/p>\n

Merso, neliels fran\u010du ier\u0113dnis, kas dz\u012bvo Al\u017e\u012bras piepils\u0113t\u0101, uzzina par savas m\u0101tes n\u0101vi. Pirms trim gadiem, nesp\u0113jot vi\u0146u uztur\u0113t no savas pietic\u012bg\u0101s algas, vi\u0146\u0161 ievietoja m\u0101ti Veco \u013cau\u017eu pansion\u0101t\u0101 (almshouse, ko tekst\u0101 vienk\u0101r\u0161i d\u0113v\u0113 par Pansion\u0101tu). Sa\u0146\u0113mis divu ned\u0113\u013cu atva\u013cin\u0101jumu, Merso taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 dien\u0101 dodas uz b\u0113r\u0113m.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c \u012bsas sarunas ar Pansion\u0101ta direktoru Merso gatavojas pavad\u012bt nakti pie m\u0101tes z\u0101rka. Tom\u0113r vi\u0146\u0161 atsak\u0101s uz vi\u0146u paskat\u012bties p\u0113d\u0113jo reizi, ilgi run\u0101 ar sardzi, mier\u012bgi dzer kafiju ar pienu un sm\u0113\u0137\u0113, un tad iemieg. Pamodies, vi\u0146\u0161 ierauga net\u0101lu m\u0101tes draudzenes no Pansion\u0101ta, un vi\u0146am \u0161\u0137iet, ka vi\u0146as ir atn\u0101ku\u0161as vi\u0146u ties\u0101t. N\u0101kamaj\u0101 r\u012bt\u0101, zem dedzino\u0161\u0101s saules, Merso vienaldz\u012bgi apglab\u0101 savu m\u0101ti un atgrie\u017eas Al\u017e\u012br\u0101.<\/p>\n

Pavisam maz\u0101k nek\u0101 p\u0113c divpadsmit stundu miega Merso nolemj doties uz j\u016bru nopeld\u0113ties un nejau\u0161i satiek biju\u0161o stenogr\u0101fisti no sava biroja \u2014 Mari Kardonu. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 vakar\u0101 vi\u0146a k\u013c\u016bst par vi\u0146a m\u012b\u013c\u0101ko. N\u0101kamo dienu, pavadot pie savas istabas loga, no kura paveras skats uz piepils\u0113tas galveno ielu, Merso dom\u0101, ka b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 vi\u0146a dz\u012bv\u0113 nekas nav main\u012bjies.<\/p>\n

N\u0101kamaj\u0101 dien\u0101, atgrie\u017eoties m\u0101j\u0101s p\u0113c darba, Merso satiek kaimi\u0146us: veco Salamano, k\u0101 alla\u017e kop\u0101 ar savu suni, un Raimonu Santu, noliktavas str\u0101dnieku, par kuru kl\u012bst baumas, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir suteneris. Santam gribas \u201cpam\u0101c\u012bt\u201d savu m\u012b\u013c\u0101ko \u2014 ar\u0101bu sievieti, kura vi\u0146u kr\u0101pusi \u2014 un vi\u0146\u0161 l\u016bdz Merso uzrakst\u012bt vi\u0146ai v\u0113stuli, lai izvilin\u0101tu vi\u0146u uz tik\u0161anos un p\u0113c tam piekaustu. Dr\u012bz Merso k\u013c\u016bst par liecinieku Raimona vardarb\u012bgajam \u0137\u012bvi\u0146am ar m\u012b\u013c\u0101ko, kur\u0101 iejaucas policija, un piekr\u012bt liecin\u0101t vi\u0146a lab\u0101.<\/p>\n

Patrons, priek\u0161nieks, pied\u0101v\u0101 Merso jaunu nor\u012bkojumu uz Par\u012bzi, ta\u010du vi\u0146\u0161 atsak\u0101s: dz\u012bvi t\u0101pat nevar izmain\u012bt. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 vakar\u0101 Marija jaut\u0101 Merso, vai vi\u0146\u0161 gras\u0101s vi\u0146u prec\u0113t. T\u0101pat k\u0101 paaugstin\u0101\u0161ana, ar\u012b tas Merso neinteres\u0113.<\/p>\n

Mari atn\u0101ca taj\u0101 vakar\u0101 un man pajaut\u0101ja, vai es vi\u0146u apprec\u0113\u0161u. Es teicu, ka man tas ir vienalga; ja vi\u0146ai tas ir svar\u012bgi, m\u0113s apprec\u0113simies. Tad vi\u0146a v\u0113lreiz jaut\u0101ja, vai es vi\u0146u m\u012blu. Es atbild\u0113ju gandr\u012bz t\u0101pat k\u0101 iepriek\u0161, ka vi\u0146as jaut\u0101jumam nav nek\u0101das noz\u012bmes vai gandr\u012bz nek\u0101das \u2014 bet, dom\u0101jams, ne.
\n\u201cJa tu t\u0101 j\u016bties,\u201d vi\u0146a sac\u012bja, \u201ck\u0101p\u0113c tad prec\u0113t mani?\u201d Es paskaidroju, ka tam \u012bsti nav noz\u012bmes, bet, ja tas vi\u0146ai sag\u0101d\u0101tu prieku, m\u0113s var\u0113tu apprec\u0113ties t\u016bl\u012bt pat. Es nor\u0101d\u012bju, ka galu gal\u0101 ierosin\u0101jums n\u0101cis no vi\u0146as; kas attiecas uz mani, es tikai pateicu: \u201cJ\u0101.\u201d
\nTad vi\u0146a piez\u012bm\u0113ja, ka laul\u012bba ir nopietna lieta.
\nUz ko es atbild\u0113ju: \u201cN\u0113.\u201d
\nVi\u0146a p\u0113c tam klus\u0113ja un raudz\u012bj\u0101s uz mani sav\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101. Tad vi\u0146a vaic\u0101ja: \u201cPie\u0146emsim, ka k\u0101da cita meitene b\u016btu tev jaut\u0101jusi, vai tu vi\u0146u prec\u0113si \u2014 es dom\u0101ju, meitene, kas tev patiktu t\u0101pat k\u0101 es \u2014 vai tu vi\u0146ai ar\u012b b\u016btu teicis \u2018J\u0101\u2019?\u201d
\n\u201cProtams.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sv\u0113tdienu Merso gras\u0101s pavad\u012bt j\u016bras krast\u0101 kop\u0101 ar Mari un Raimonu, apciemojot vi\u0146a draugu Masonu. Tuvojoties autobusa pieturai, Raimons un Merso pamana divus ar\u0101bus, no kuriem viens ir Raimona m\u012b\u013c\u0101k\u0101s br\u0101lis. \u0160\u012b tik\u0161an\u0101s vi\u0146us satrauc.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c peld\u0113\u0161an\u0101s un s\u0101t\u012bg\u0101m brokast\u012bm Mesons aicina draugus pastaig\u0101ties gar j\u016brmalu. Pludmales gal\u0101 vi\u0146i pamana divus ar\u0101bus zil\u0101s darba biks\u0113s. Vi\u0146iem \u0161\u0137iet, ka ar\u0101bi vi\u0146us izsekoju\u0161i. Izce\u013cas kauti\u0146\u0161, un viens no ar\u0101biem ar nazi sagrie\u017e Raimonu. Dr\u012bz vi\u0146i atk\u0101pjas un b\u0113g.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c k\u0101da laika Merso un vi\u0146a draugi atgrie\u017eas pludmal\u0113 un aiz augsta klints atkal ierauga tos pa\u0161us ar\u0101bus. Raimons iedod Merso revolveri, ta\u010du nav redzama nek\u0101da ac\u012bmredzama str\u012bda iemesla. Pasaule \u0161\u0137iet vi\u0146us nosl\u0113gusi un sasaist\u012bjusi. Draugi atst\u0101j Merso vienu. Dedzino\u0161ais karstums vi\u0146u spie\u017e, un vi\u0146u p\u0101r\u0146em reibuma apdullums. Pie strauta aiz klints vi\u0146\u0161 atkal ierauga ar\u0101bu, kur\u0161 bija ievainojis Raimonu. Nesp\u0113dams iztur\u0113t necie\u0161amo karstumu, Merso sper soli uz priek\u0161u, izvelk revolveri un no\u0161auj ar\u0101bu, \u201cit k\u0101 ar \u010detriem \u012bsiem sitieniem klauv\u0113dams pie nelaimes durv\u012bm.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Meursault,<\/p>\n

Merso tiek arest\u0113ts un vair\u0101kk\u0101rt izsaukts uz nopratin\u0101\u0161anu. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzskata savu lietu par \u013coti vienk\u0101r\u0161u, ta\u010du izmekl\u0113t\u0101js un advok\u0101ts ir cit\u0101s dom\u0101s. Izmekl\u0113t\u0101js, kur\u0161 Merso \u0161\u0137ita inteli\u0123ents un pat\u012bkams cilv\u0113ks, nesp\u0113j saprast vi\u0146a nozieguma mot\u012bvus. Vi\u0146\u0161 s\u0101k sarunu ar Merso par Dievu, ta\u010du Merso atz\u012bstas sav\u0101 netic\u012bb\u0101. Pa\u0161a izdar\u012btais noziegums vi\u0146am sag\u0101d\u0101 vien\u012bgi neapmierin\u0101t\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Izmekl\u0113\u0161ana turpin\u0101s vienpadsmit m\u0113ne\u0161us. Merso saprot, ka cietuma kamera ir k\u013cuvusi par vi\u0146a m\u0101j\u0101m un vi\u0146a dz\u012bve ir apst\u0101jusies. S\u0101kum\u0101 vi\u0146a domas joproj\u0101m ir br\u012bv\u012bb\u0101, bet p\u0113c tik\u0161an\u0101s ar Mariju vi\u0146a dv\u0113sel\u0113 notiek p\u0101rmai\u0146as. Kalstot no garlaic\u012bbas, vi\u0146\u0161 atceras pag\u0101tni un saprot, ka cilv\u0113ks, kur\u0161 nodz\u012bvojis vismaz vienu dienu, var\u0113tu iztikt ar\u012b simt gadus cietum\u0101 \u2014 atmi\u0146u pietiks. Pamaz\u0101m Merso zaud\u0113 laika izj\u016btu.<\/p>\n

Merso lieta tiek iek\u013cauta \u017e\u016brijas p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s s\u0113des darba k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101. P\u0101rpild\u012btaj\u0101, tvankaj\u0101 z\u0101l\u0113 sabiedru\u0161ies daudzi cilv\u0113ki, bet Merso nesp\u0113j iz\u0161\u0137irt nevienu seju. Vi\u0146\u0161 ieg\u016bst d\u012bvainu iespaidu, ka ir lieks, k\u0101 negaid\u012bts viesis. P\u0113c ilgsto\u0161as liecinieku nopratin\u0101\u0161anas \u2014 pansion\u0101ta direktora un uzrauga, Raimona, Masona, Salamano un Marijas \u2014 prokurors pasaka dusm\u012bgu nosl\u0113gumu: Merso, kur\u0161 nav raud\u0101jis savas m\u0101tes b\u0113r\u0113s, nev\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s uz vi\u0146u paskat\u012bties p\u0113d\u0113jo reizi, n\u0101kamaj\u0101 dien\u0101 iesaist\u0101s attiec\u012bb\u0101s ar sievieti un, b\u016bdams profesion\u0101la sutenera draugs, nogalina cilv\u0113ku nenoz\u012bm\u012bga iemesla d\u0113\u013c, nok\u0101rtojot savus r\u0113\u0137inus ar upuri. P\u0113c prokurora dom\u0101m, Merso nav dv\u0113seles, vi\u0146am nav pieejamas cilv\u0113ciskas j\u016btas, vi\u0146\u0161 nepaz\u012bst nek\u0101dus mor\u0101les principus. \u0160ausminoties par noziedznieka nejut\u012bgumu, prokurors pieprasa vi\u0146am n\u0101vessodu.<\/p>\n

Sav\u0101 aizst\u0101v\u012bbas run\u0101 advok\u0101ts, glu\u017ei pret\u0113ji, raksturo Merso k\u0101 godpr\u0101t\u012bgu str\u0101dnieku un paraugd\u0113lu, kur\u0161 uztur\u0113jis m\u0101ti tik ilgi, cik bijis iesp\u0113jams, un pats noziegumu pastr\u0101d\u0101jis akluma br\u012bd\u012b. Merso gaida visbarg\u0101ko sodu \u2014 neizb\u0113gamas skumjas un no\u017e\u0113lu.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c p\u0101rtraukuma tiesas priek\u0161s\u0113d\u0113t\u0101js pazi\u0146o spriedumu: \u201cFrancijas tautas v\u0101rd\u0101\u201d Merso publiski tiks nocirsta galva laukum\u0101. Merso s\u0101k dom\u0101t, vai vi\u0146\u0161 sp\u0113tu izvair\u012bties no meh\u0101nisk\u0101s notikumu gaitas. Vi\u0146\u0161 nesp\u0113j pie\u0146emt notieko\u0161\u0101 neizb\u0113gam\u012bbu. Dr\u012bz vien tom\u0113r samierin\u0101s ar domu par n\u0101vi, jo dz\u012bve nav t\u0101 v\u0113rta, lai pie t\u0101s krampjaini tur\u0113tos, un, ja j\u0101nomirst, nav noz\u012bmes, kad un k\u0101 tas notiek.<\/p>\n

Pirms soda izpildes pie Merso kameras atn\u0101k priesteris. Bet velt\u012bgi vi\u0146\u0161 cen\u0161as vi\u0146u piev\u0113rst Dievam. Merso m\u016b\u017e\u012bg\u0101 dz\u012bve neko neizsaka, un vi\u0146\u0161 negrib atliku\u0161o laiku velt\u012bt Dievam, t\u0101p\u0113c izg\u0101\u017e p\u0101r priesteri visu sakr\u0101ju\u0161os sa\u0161utumu.<\/p>\n

St\u0101vot pie n\u0101ves sliek\u0161\u0146a, Merso saj\u016bt, k\u0101 no n\u0101kotnes bezdibe\u0146a uz vi\u0146u ce\u013cas tumsas dva\u0161a, ka vi\u0146u izraudz\u012bjis viens vien\u012bgs liktenis. Vi\u0146\u0161 ir gatavs visu p\u0101rdz\u012bvot v\u0113lreiz un atver savu dv\u0113seli pasaules maigajai vienaldz\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

Recenzija<\/h2>\n

\u201cSve\u0161inieks\u201d tiek uzskat\u012bts par 20. gadsimta literat\u016bras klasiku; tas ir vair\u0101kk\u0101rt atk\u0101rtoti izdots un joproj\u0101m ir popul\u0101rs ar\u012b m\u016bsdien\u0101s. Francij\u0101 \u201cSve\u0161inieks\u201d ie\u0146em 1. vietu laikraksta Le Monde sast\u0101d\u012btaj\u0101 \u201cGadsimta 100.gr\u0101matu\u201d sarakst\u0101.<\/p>\n

Lielisku \u201cSve\u0161inieka\u201d kopsavilkumu sniedz \u017dans Pols Sartrs:<\/p>\n

\u201cRom\u0101ns st\u0101sta par v\u012bru, Merso, kur\u0161 uz m\u0101tes n\u0101vi rea\u0123\u0113, ejot peld\u0113ties, uzs\u0101kot bezj\u0113dz\u012bgu rom\u0101nu, skatoties filmu, nogalinot cilv\u0113ku \u2018saules d\u0113\u013c\u2019 un p\u0113c tam, nakt\u012b pirms sava n\u0101vessoda, pazi\u0146o, ka ir laim\u012bgs un cer, ka liels p\u016blis vi\u0146u \u2018uz\u0146ems ar naida saucieniem\u2019 pie e\u0161afota.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sartrs turpina:
\n\u201cStarp katru fr\u0101zi,\u201d saka Sartrs, \u201cpasaule tiek izn\u012bcin\u0101ta un atdzimst: v\u0101rds, tikl\u012bdz tas rodas, ir rad\u012b\u0161ana no nek\u0101; fr\u0101ze \u2018Sve\u0161inieks \/ autsaiders\u2019 ir sala. Un m\u0113s l\u0113k\u0101jam no fr\u0101zes uz fr\u0101zi, no neesam\u012bbas uz neesam\u012bbu.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ir j\u0101izprot laika periods, kur\u0101 darbs tapis. 20. gadsimt\u0101 notiek divi cilv\u0113ces v\u0113stur\u0113 briesm\u012bg\u0101kie kari. \u0160aj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 cilv\u0113ki pirmoreiz piedz\u012bvo pasaules karu pieredzi. \u0160ie tra\u0123iskie notikumi atst\u0101j j\u016btamu iespaidu uz m\u0101kslu, literat\u016bru, m\u016bziku un filozofiju. Kam\u012b darbi atrodas uz robe\u017eas starp literat\u016bru un filozofiju.<\/p>\n

Kam\u012b sav\u0101 darb\u0101 pieskaras 20. gadsimtam s\u0101p\u012bg\u0101m t\u0113m\u0101m:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Dz\u012bves j\u0113ga un nihilisms;
\n\u2022 \u201cDieva n\u0101ve\u201d, dumpis (Prometeja t\u0113ls), varon\u012bba;
\n\u2022 Izv\u0113le;
\n\u2022 Reli\u0123isk\u0101 kr\u012bze un tic\u012bba;
\n\u2022 Kristiet\u012bbas kritika un antiklerik\u0101lisms;
\n\u2022 At\u013caut\u012bba un izv\u0113les autentiskums;
\n\u2022 Ierasto mor\u0101lo normu kritika;
\n\u2022 Eksistences un realit\u0101tes absurdums;
\n\u2022 Fat\u0101lisms.<\/p>\n

Rakst\u012bts paral\u0113li \u201cSizifa m\u012btam\u201d, \u201cSve\u0161inieks\u201d dal\u0101s ar daudz\u0101m p\u0101rkl\u0101jo\u0161\u0101m t\u0113m\u0101m. Kam\u012b uztv\u0113ra sava laika noska\u0146u. Vi\u0146\u0161 tic\u0113ja, ka dz\u012bvot noz\u012bm\u0113 izzin\u0101t absurdu, sacelties pret to.
\nKam\u012b defin\u0113 dz\u012bvi k\u0101 procesu, ko raksturo absurds, dumpis un br\u012bv\u012bba.<\/p>\n

Filozofs rakst\u012bja: “\u201cEs no absurda izvelku tr\u012bs sekas \u2014 manu sacel\u0161anos, manu br\u012bv\u012bbu un manu kaisli. Ar vienk\u0101r\u0161u apzi\u0146as darb\u012bbu es p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161u par dz\u012bves likumu to, kas bija uzaicin\u0101jums uz n\u0101vi \u2014 un es atsakos no pa\u0161n\u0101v\u012bbas.\u201d
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Kam\u012b defin\u0113 Absurdu k\u0101 \u201cdivdesmit\u0101 gadsimta gar\u012bgo slim\u012bbu\u201d.
\nAtcer\u0113simies cit\u0101tu no \u201cSizifa m\u012bta\u201d:
\n\u201cCel\u0161an\u0101s, tramvajs, \u010detras stundas biroj\u0101 vai fabrik\u0101, \u0113diens, tramvajs, \u010detras stundas darba, \u0113diens, miegs, un pirmdiena, otrdiena, tre\u0161diena, ceturtdiena, piektdiena un sestdiena saska\u0146\u0101 ar to pa\u0161u ritmu.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0160\u012b ir cilv\u0113ka kailuma atkl\u0101sme saskar\u0113 ar absurdu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kam\u012b sav\u0101 darb\u0101, un pateicoties galvenajam varonim Merso, redz dz\u012bvi k\u0101 iracion\u0101lu atk\u0101rto\u0161anos, kur\u0101 nav nek\u0101 jauna. Merso uztver pasauli k\u0101 iracion\u0101lu elementu, kur viss atk\u0101rtojas, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c vi\u0146\u0161 j\u016btas k\u0101 sve\u0161inieks.<\/p>\n

Merso ne tikai zaud\u0113 m\u012blest\u012bbu pret dz\u012bvi, bet pats dz\u012bvi s\u0101k uztvert k\u0101 absurdumu un iracionalit\u0101ti. Papildus absurdumam Kam\u012b darb\u0101 sastopams v\u0113l viens eksistenci\u0101lisma mot\u012bvs \u2014 br\u012bv\u012bba. Br\u012bv\u012bba no vis\u0101m soci\u0101laj\u0101m norm\u0101m.
\nDebesis ir tuk\u0161as, pasaule ir iracion\u0101la. Mums pa\u0161iem j\u0101veido sava paties\u012bba. Past\u0101v vi\u0146am piem\u012bto\u0161a izpratne par labo un \u013cauno. Kam\u012b raksta par absol\u016btu br\u012bv\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

\"L'\u00c9tranger<\/p>\n

M\u0113s zin\u0101m, ka eksistenciala filozofij\u0101 cilv\u0113ks ir atbild\u012bgs par sav\u0101m darb\u012bb\u0101m tad, kad vi\u0146\u0161 r\u012bkojas br\u012bvi; br\u012bv\u012bba tiek defin\u0113ta ar\u012b k\u0101 izv\u0113le, ko cilv\u0113ks izdara saska\u0146\u0101 ar savu eksistenci\u0101lo paties\u012bbu:
\n\u201cM\u0113s esam nolemti b\u016bt br\u012bvi. M\u0113s esam iemesti br\u012bv\u012bb\u0101. Patiesi br\u012bvs ir tikai tas, kur\u0161 pats izv\u0113las \u2014 vi\u0146\u0161 ir savas izv\u0113les rad\u012bjums\u2026 Tie\u0161i br\u012bva izv\u0113le rada person\u012bbu. B\u016bt \u2014 noz\u012bm\u0113 izv\u0113l\u0113ties sevi.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Viena no cit\u0101m galvenaj\u0101m gr\u0101matas t\u0113m\u0101m ir vientul\u012bba. St\u0101sta varonis dz\u012bvo izol\u0113tu dz\u012bvi, kas tom\u0113r ietver jutekliskus baud\u012bjumus. Cilv\u0113ks m\u012bl sauli, kas darb\u0101 sp\u0113l\u0113s likten\u012bgu lomu.<\/p>\n

St\u0101sta galvenais varonis Merso ir Dion\u012bsisks cilv\u0113ks. Grie\u0137u dievi Apollons un Dion\u012bsijs k\u0101 cilv\u0113ka dabas divu pamatsp\u0113ku simboli tika noformul\u0113ti N\u012b\u010des darbos: Apollons iemieso k\u0101rt\u012bbas un lo\u0123ikas sp\u0113kus, kam\u0113r Dion\u012bsijs saist\u0101s ar haosu un iracionalit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

Friedrihs N\u012b\u010de, l\u012bdz\u0101s krievu rakstniekiem, b\u016btiski ietekm\u0113ja Kam\u012b pasaules uzskata est\u0113tisko form\u0113\u0161anos, \u012bpa\u0161i \u201cabsurduma\u201d izpratn\u0113 un uztver\u0113. Lai gan pats Kam\u012b atteic\u0101s b\u016bt par eksistenci\u0101listu:<\/p>\n

\u201cEs neesmu filozofs un nekad neesmu tiecies par t\u0101du k\u013c\u016bt\u2026 Es run\u0101ju tikai par to, ko pats esmu pieredz\u0113jis.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Merso izvirz\u0101s k\u0101 absurda gara pa\u0161atkl\u0101sme, un jebkuras neabsurdas kult\u016bras v\u0113rt\u012bbas vi\u0146am ir sve\u0161as. Visa rom\u0101na gait\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 atk\u0101rto: \u201cman vienalga\u201d. Vienaldz\u012bga attieksme. Lai k\u0101 tu sadal\u012btu dz\u012bvi, tu to nevari izmain\u012bt. Dzidra dz\u012bves apzin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s k\u0101 zaud\u0113juma.<\/p>\n

Lai gan Merso st\u0101sta par m\u0101tes n\u0101vi ar ac\u012bmredzamu vienaldz\u012bbu (atcer\u0113simies rom\u0101na s\u0101kumu: \u201cM\u0100TE nomira \u0161odien. Vai varb\u016bt vakar; neesmu dro\u0161s\u201d), vi\u0146am paties\u012bb\u0101 ir apsl\u0113pta kaisle: p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101k iesist pa las\u012bt\u0101ja mor\u0101lo izj\u016btu, \u0161ok\u0113t vi\u0146u un t\u0101 pan\u0101kt nepiecie\u0161amo efektu \u2014 p\u0101rliecin\u0101t visus par savu sve\u0161nieciskumu. \u0160\u012b v\u0113lme sl\u0113pj sev\u012b zem\u016bdens akmeni. \u0160aubas neizraisa pati sve\u0161inieka eksistence, bet gan vi\u0146a neatlaid\u012bgie atg\u0101din\u0101jumi par savu “sve\u0161nieciskumu”.<\/p>\n

Rom\u0101na nosl\u0113dzo\u0161aj\u0101s rind\u0101s Merso gandr\u012bz vai uzst\u0101jas auditorijas priek\u0161\u0101, aicinot to noskat\u012bties vi\u0146a n\u0101vessodu. \u0160\u012b apzin\u0101t\u0101 r\u012bc\u012bba vi\u0146u padara neaptveramu, ne\u013caujot izteikt vienk\u0101r\u0161u mor\u0101lu spriedumu un atst\u0101jot las\u012bt\u0101ju nemier\u0101. Rom\u0101ns nav tikai st\u0101st\u012bjums \u2014 tas ir m\u012bklains konstrukts.<\/p>\n

Kam\u012b secina: \u201cTie, kas \u2018Sve\u0161iniek\u0101\u2019 saskat\u012bs st\u0101stu par cilv\u0113ku, kur\u0161 bez jebk\u0101das varon\u012bgas pozas piekr\u012bt mirt paties\u012bbas v\u0101rd\u0101, daudz nek\u013c\u016bd\u012bsies.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Konfront\u0101cijas proces\u0101 ar sabiedr\u012bbu Kam\u012b Merso p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 ne tikai par absurda ideologu, bet ar\u012b par mocekli. \u0100dams k\u013c\u016bst par Kristu (\u201cvien\u012bgo Kristu, k\u0101du m\u0113s esam peln\u012bju\u0161i,\u201d k\u0101 saka pats Kam\u012b), tiesne\u0161i \u2014 par farizejiem.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/p>\n

Priek\u0161v\u0101rd\u0101 rom\u0101na amerik\u0101\u0146u izdevumam, kas rakst\u012bts 20. gadsimta 50. gados, Kam\u012b faktiski formul\u0113 galveno gr\u0101matas ideju:
\n\u201cM\u016bsu sabiedr\u012bb\u0101 ikviens, kur\u0161 neraud savas m\u0101tes b\u0113r\u0113s, risk\u0113 tikt noties\u0101ts uz n\u0101vi. Es tikai grib\u0113ju pateikt, ka mana varo\u0146a liktenis ir nospriests t\u0101p\u0113c, ka vi\u0146\u0161 nesp\u0113l\u0113 sp\u0113li.\u201d
\n\u2014 \u201cVi\u0146\u0161 atsak\u0101s melot. Melot nenoz\u012bm\u0113 tikai sac\u012bt to, kas neeksist\u0113. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113 ar\u012b \u2014 un galvenok\u0101rt \u2014 pateikt vair\u0101k, nek\u0101 tur paties\u012bb\u0101 ir, un, kas attiecas uz cilv\u0113ka sirdi, pateikt vair\u0101k, nek\u0101 j\u016bti\u2026 Pret\u0113ji \u0161\u0137ietam\u012bbai Merso negrib vienk\u0101r\u0161ot dz\u012bvi. Vi\u0146\u0161 saka to, kas ir, vi\u0146\u0161 atsak\u0101s sl\u0113pt savas j\u016btas, un tagad sabiedr\u012bba j\u016btas apdraud\u0113ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kam\u012b noraid\u012bja t\u0101dus eksistenci\u0101listus k\u0101 Jasperss, Heidegers un Kirkegors, apgalvodams, ka nekas nesp\u0113j p\u0101rsniegt dz\u012bves absurdumu. Savuk\u0101rt Sartrs bija gadiem ilgi str\u0101d\u0101jis ar Heidegera un Huserla fenomenolo\u0123iju, l\u012bdz to sint\u0113z\u0113ja \u201cEsam\u012bb\u0101 un neesam\u012bb\u0101\u201d \u2014 darb\u0101, kas cent\u0101s iek\u013c\u016bt pa\u0161a esam\u012bbas b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Papildus eksistenci\u0101lisma t\u0113m\u0101m Kam\u012b smalki iepinas ar\u012b koloni\u0101l\u0101s realit\u0101tes pavedienus. Vi\u0146\u0161 izvieto savu st\u0101stu okup\u0113taj\u0101 Al\u017e\u012brij\u0101, kur zem virsk\u0101rtas klusi past\u0101v saspringtas attiec\u012bbas starp fran\u010du-al\u017e\u012brie\u0161iem un ar\u0101biem. Ta\u010du tie\u0161i t\u0101pat k\u0101 Merso vienaldz\u012bg\u0101 attieksme pret pa\u0161a likteni, darbs \u0161os jaut\u0101jumus neapsprie\u017e atkl\u0101ti \u2014 tas tos vienk\u0101r\u0161i par\u0101da un \u013cauj las\u012bt\u0101jam pa\u0161am noteikt to noz\u012bmi. \u0160is klusums, atsac\u012b\u0161an\u0101s iesaist\u012bties mor\u0101l\u0101s diskusij\u0101s vai skaidr\u0101 soci\u0101l\u0101 kritik\u0101, atspogu\u013co rom\u0101na pla\u0161\u0101ko absurd\u0101s pasaules uzskatu.<\/p>\n

Kam\u012b mums neatst\u0101j atbildes, nek\u0101du gal\u012bgu mor\u0101les m\u0101c\u012bbu \u2014 tikai apzi\u0146u, ka Merso liktenis, glu\u017ei k\u0101 m\u016bsu pa\u0161u, risin\u0101s vienaldz\u012bg\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Un \u0161aj\u0101 klusaj\u0101 konfront\u0101cij\u0101 ar absurdu, iesp\u0113jams, ar\u012b m\u0113s esam spiesti jaut\u0101t:<\/p>\n

ja nekas patiesi nav svar\u012bgs, k\u0101 tad mums dz\u012bvot?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Makss Karlin, 2022<\/em><\/p>\n

Piel\u0101gots no manas prezent\u0101cijas semin\u0101r\u0101 par eksistenci\u0101lo filozofiju un psihoterapiju Jaunaj\u0101 psihoterapijas un konsult\u0113\u0161anas skol\u0101 (NSPC) un Middlesex Universit\u0101t\u0113, London\u0101, 2022. gada ruden\u012b.<\/p>\n

Tulkots no ang\u013cu valodas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201c\u0160odien nomira mamma. Vai varb\u016bt vakar \u2014 nezinu. Sa\u0146\u0113mu no nesp\u0113jnieku patversmes telegrammu: \u201cM\u0100TE NOMIRA. APBED\u012a\u0160ANA R\u012aT. J\u016aTAM L\u012aDZI.\u201d Tas nek\u0101 neizsaka. Varb\u016bt tas notika vakar. Veco \u013cau\u017eu pansion\u0101ts ir Marengo, k\u0101dus piecdesmit j\u016bd\u017eu no Al\u017e\u012bras. Ar autobusu, kas iziet pulksten divos, man vajadz\u0113tu tur nok\u013c\u016bt krietni pirms kr\u0113slas. Tad es var\u0113\u0161u tur p\u0101rnak\u0161\u0146ot, k\u0101…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6993,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[366],"tags":[1549,1004,658,808,368,1201,686,367,628,371,373,369,379,380,673],"class_list":["post-7385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-raksti","tag-albert-camus-lv","tag-eksistence-un-butiba","tag-eksistenciala-fenomenologiska-pieeja-psihoterapijai","tag-eksistenciala-krize-pusmuza","tag-eksistenciala-terapija-latvija","tag-existential-psychotherapy-lv","tag-individuala-psihoterapija-50-min-klatiene-tiessaiste-e-40","tag-individuala-psihoterapija-riga","tag-ka-atrast-labu-psihoterapeitu-riga","tag-konsultacijas-pie-psihologa-riga","tag-psihologa-pakalpojumi-latviesu-valoda","tag-psihologs-riga-privatprakse","tag-psihologs-riga-un-latvi","tag-psihoterapeitiskas-attiecibas","tag-zans-pols-sartrs"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7385"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7390,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7385\/revisions\/7390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6993"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maxkarlin.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}